The Bukumu chiefdom is located in the Nyiragongo territory, named after its active volcano, in North Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Spanning 333 square kilometres, it lies north of Goma – formerly part of its territory – and is bordered by the Rutshuru territory to the north, Rwanda to the east, the city of Goma to the south, and the Masisi territory to the west. Over half of the chiefdom’s land (170 square kilometres) is part of Virunga National Park, while the remaining 163 square kilometres is inhabited by the local population. According to its 2023 annual report, Bukumu’s population density is 2,967.6 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its border location with Rwanda and proximity to Goma drive unique geographic, economic, and political developments.

This report examines Bukumu’s key social, political, geographic, and economic features. Border dynamics, urbanization, and associated tensions around identity and authority shape the chiefdom’s political economy. The report explores how migration and urbanization contribute to conflicts over land between inhabitants and between Virunga National Park and local communities. It also analyses how Goma’s urban expansion affects customary power, why this is contested, and how Bukumu’s position as a border chiefdom impacts social dynamics related to identity, authority, and its political economy. The report concludes by reflecting on recent developments and rising insecurity.